随着实体器官移植（SOT）受者长期生存率不断提高，术后新发恶性肿瘤（DNM）已成为影响远期预后和导致非器官衰竭相关死亡的重要因素。不同SOT受者的DNM风险及疾病谱并不完全一致，且受种族、原发疾病、免疫抑制强度、地域环境及病毒感染谱等多种因素影响。我国SOT受者在人群特征及肿瘤流行病学方面与西方国家存在差异，国外相关证据和建议难以完全适用于我国临床实践。为此，中国康复医学会器官移植康复专业委员会组织多学科专家制定《中国成人实体器官移植术后新发恶性肿瘤临床实践指南》。通过结合国内外循证医学证据和中国临床实践经验，提出适用于我国成人SOT受者术后DNM风险评估、筛查监测及管理的临床实践建议，以期为我国SOT受者DNM的临床识别、监测和管理提供参考依据。

With the continuous improvement of long-term survival rates among solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients, de novo malignancy (DNM) following transplantation have become a critical factor impairing long-term prognosis and causing non-organ-failure-related mortality. The risk profile and disease spectrum of DNM vary across different types of SOT recipients, modulated by multiple factors including ethnicity, primary underlying diseases, intensity of immunosuppression, regional environmental conditions, and patterns of viral infection. Distinct differences exist in demographic characteristics and cancer epidemiology between Chinese SOT recipients and their Western counterparts, rendering overseas evidence and recommendations not fully applicable to clinical practice in China. Against this backdrop, the Organ Transplantation Rehabilitation Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine convened multidisciplinary experts to formulate the Clinical Practice Guidelines on De Novo Malignancies After Solid Organ Transplantation in Adult in China. Integrating domestic and international evidence-based medical data alongside real-world clinical experience in China, this guideline proposes clinical recommendations for risk assessment, screening, surveillance and management of post-transplant DNM specifically tailored to adult Chinese SOT recipients, so as to provide evidence-based references for clinical identification, monitoring and standardized management of DNM in this population.