探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的原因及预防措施。

回顾性分析2007年2月至2013年1月在广东省潮州市中心医院收治的770例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中30例中转开腹患者临床资料。其中男13例，女17例；年龄25～81岁，中位年龄48岁。所有患者均签署知情同意书，符合医学伦理学规定。患者采用气管插管全身麻醉，常规"四孔"法行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。观察患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的原因及术后并发症发生情况。

本组患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹发生率为3.9%（30/770）。中转开腹原因为胆囊三角粘连12例，胆囊床出血6例，胆囊动脉出血4例，胆囊周围粘连致密分离困难4例，胆囊管残端处理不满意2例，肝面裂伤1例，胆囊癌1例。患者中转开腹后均一次性完成手术。患者术后均无发生并发症。

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的常见原因为胆囊三角及胆囊周围解剖不清楚、胆囊床或胆囊动脉出血、胆囊管残端处理不满意、肝面裂伤、胆囊癌等。完善术前评估、术中合理处理胆囊三角和胆囊床是预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的关键。

To investigate the causes and prevention of conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Clinical data of 30 out of 770 patients converting to laparotomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Guangdong Chaozhou Central Hospital from February 2007 to January 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 13 males and 17 females with age ranging from 25 to 81 years old and a median age of 48 years old. The informed consents of all patients were obtained and the ethical committee approval was received. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in the patients under endotracheal general anesthesia using the conventional 4-port approach. The causes of conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the incidence of postoperative complications of the patients were observed.

The incidence of conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 3.9% (30/770). The causes of conversion to laparotomy were adhesion at Calot's triangle (n=12), gallbladder bed bleeding (n=6), gallbladder artery bleeding (n=4), dense adhesion around the gallbladder with difficult dissecting (n=4), dissatisfactory treatment of the gallbladder stump (n=1), liver surface laceration (n=1), gallbladder carcinoma (n=1). All the converted laparotomies were completed at one time. No complication was observed in all patients after operation.

The common causes for conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were unclear dissection at Calot's triangle and around the gallbladder, gallbladder bed or gallbladder artery bleeding, dissatisfactory treatment of gallbladder stump, liver surface laceration, gallbladder cancer, etc. Improving the preoperative evaluation, intraoperative appropriate treatment of the Calot's triangle and gallbladder bed are the keys to prevent conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.