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中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志 ›› 2022, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (05) : 476 -481. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3232.2022.05.010

临床研究

集束化ERAS方案在肝移植术后恢复中的应用
谷艳梅1, 栗光明1, 席双梅1, 刘薪1, 武秀莲1, 王鑫1, 金伯旬1,()   
  1. 1. 100069 北京,首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院重症医学科
  • 收稿日期:2022-06-08 出版日期:2022-10-10
  • 通信作者: 金伯旬
  • 基金资助:
    北京市医院管理中心重点医学专业发展计划(1-1-2-2-127-04); 北京市属医院科研培育计划项目(PX2022069); 北京市医管中心资助临床技术创新项目(XMLX202147); 首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院2019年度院内中青年人才孵育计划(BJYAYY-HL2019-02)

Application of clustered ERAS regimen in recovery after liver transplantation

Yanmei Gu1, Guangming Li1, Shuangmei Xi1, Xin Liu1, Xiulian Wu1, Xin Wang1, Boxun Jin1,()   

  1. 1. ICU, Beijing You 'an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
  • Received:2022-06-08 Published:2022-10-10
  • Corresponding author: Boxun Jin
引用本文:

谷艳梅, 栗光明, 席双梅, 刘薪, 武秀莲, 王鑫, 金伯旬. 集束化ERAS方案在肝移植术后恢复中的应用[J]. 中华肝脏外科手术学电子杂志, 2022, 11(05): 476-481.

Yanmei Gu, Guangming Li, Shuangmei Xi, Xin Liu, Xiulian Wu, Xin Wang, Boxun Jin. Application of clustered ERAS regimen in recovery after liver transplantation[J]. Chinese Journal of Hepatic Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2022, 11(05): 476-481.

目的

探讨集束化加速康复外科(ERAS)方案在肝移植术后恢复中的应用价值。

方法

本前瞻性研究对象为2019年3月至2021年12月在首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院诊治的250例肝移植患者。其中男150例,女100例;年龄22~67岁,中位年龄46岁。患者和(或)其监护人均签署知情同意书,符合医学伦理学规定。采用抽签法将患者分为ERAS组(130例)和对照组(120例)。ERAS组根据循证医学方法,构建肝移植术后集束化ERAS方案。观察两组患者的安全性指标、有效性指标和经济学指标。两组疼痛评分、术后住院时间等比较采用秩和检验,率的比较采用χ2检验。

结果

ERAS组发生意外脱管、再次气管插管、气道误吸、急性尿潴留分别为6、17、1、2例,对照组相应为7、13、2、3例,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.188,0.297,0.005,0.008;P>0.05)。ERAS组发生呼吸机相关性肺炎、泌尿系统感染、口鼻腔黏膜压力性损伤、谵妄分别为13、4、1、10例,对照组相应为28、13、9、19例,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.091,5.924,5.713,4.033;P<0.05)。ERAS组和对照组术后10 d主观整体营养状况量表(PG-SGA)分级A级患者分别为45、28例,差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.842,P=0.05)。ERAS组和对照组术后5 d疼痛评分分别为2(2)、5(1)分,术后10 d Barthel评分分别为70(25)、60(20)分,差异均有统计学意义(Z=-11.087,2.071;P<0.05)。ERAS组ICU住院时间、术后总住院时间和术后10 d住院费用分别为4(2)d、15(8)d、5.0(7.5)万元,对照组相应为5(2)d、17(10)d、9.3(5.6)万元,差异有统计学意义(Z=-4.967,-2.668,-3.230;P<0.05)。

结论

肝移植术后集束化ERAS方案安全性好,可有效促进患者康复,降低医疗成本。

Objective

To evaluate the application value of clustered enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) regimen in the recovery after liver transplantation.

Methods

250 patients undergoing liver transplantation in Beijing You 'an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from March 2019 to December 2021 were recruited in this prospective study. Among them, 150 patients were male and100 female, aged from 22 to 67 years, with a median age of 46 years. The informed consents of all patients and (or) their guardians were obtained and the local ethical committee approval was received. All patients were randomly divided into the ERAS (n=130) and control groups (n=120) by the lottery method. According to the evidence-based medicine methods, the clustered ERAS regimen after liver transplantation was made in the ERAS group. The parameters related to the safety, efficacy and medical expense were observed betweentwo groups. The pain score and length of postoperative hospital stay were compared between two groups by rank-sum test. The rate comparison was conducted by Chi-square test.

Results

In the ERAS group, accidental tube removal, tracheal re-intubation, airway aspiration and acute urine retention occurred in 6, 17, 1 and 2 patients, and 7, 13, 2 and 3 cases in the control group, respectively, and no significant difference was observed (χ2=0.188, 0.297, 0.005, 0.008; P>0.05). In the ERAS group, the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infection, oral and nasal mucosal pressure injury and delirium was observed in 13, 4, 1 and 10 cases, and in 28, 13, 9 and 19 cases in the control group, respectively, where significant differences were observed (χ2=8.091, 5.924, 5.713, 4.033; P<0.05). At postoperative 10 d, Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) grade A were observed in 45 cases in the ERAS group and in 28 cases in control groups, where significant difference was observed (χ2=3.842, P=0.05). In the ERAS and control groups, the pain scores at postoperative 5 d were 2(2) and 5(1), and the Barthel scores at postoperative 10 d were 70(25) and 60(20), respectively, where significant differences were observed (Z=-11.087, 2.071; P<0.05). In the ERAS group, the length of ICU stay, the total length of postoperative hospital stay and 10-d hospitalization expense were 4(2) d, 15(8) d and 5.0(7.5)×104 Yuan, and were 5(2) d, 17(10) d and 9.3(5.6)×104 Yuan in the control group, where significant differences were observed (Z=-4.967, -2.668, -3.230; P<0.05).

Conclusions

The clustered ERAS regimen after liver transplantation is safe, which can effectively promote the postoperative recovery and lower medical expense.

表1 ERAS组和对照组肝移植患者围手术期诊疗措施
项目 ERAS组 对照组
心理护理 术后采用多模式个性化方案健康宣教;针对疫情,术后患者意识恢复后定期通过移动终端视频连线的方式亲属探视 常规术后健康宣教;由于疫情期间封闭管理要求,禁止面对面床旁探视,不常规进行视频探视
气管插管 术后无严重并发症和明确保留机械通气指征的情况下,24 h内完成脱离有创机械通气和拔除经口气管插管的SBT流程,脱机拔管后随即给予经鼻高流量氧气治疗 在患者术后无肝功能恶化和明确感染的情况下,完成SBT流程,脱机拔管后给予普通鼻导管或雾化面罩氧疗
胃管 意识恢复良好,无胃肠减压绝对适应证,则术后第2天拔除经鼻胃管 意识恢复、肛门排气且无其他保留胃肠减压绝对适应证后,拔除经鼻胃管
尿管 术后24 h拔除尿管,初期以保鲜袋收集尿液,后期患者自行以尿壶收集尿液 患者可下床活动后拔除尿管
营养支持 当血流动力学稳定时,术后24 h内开始早期营养支持;首先经鼻胃管或经口给予肠内营养制剂或其他食物,若存在肠内营养禁忌证则减量给予滋养型肠内营养(10~20 ml/h),或停用肠内营养;请营养科会诊,根据患者营养需求情况,适当给予静脉营养补充,避免营养不足或过度营养;鼻胃管喂养起始速度20 ml/h,逐步加量,营养液温度40℃,目标喂养量30 kcal/kg·d;然后流食-半流食-正常饮食 早期给予完全肠外营养,待胃肠道功能恢复后,开始给予部分肠内营养,并逐步撤除静脉营养支持;若存在肠内营养禁忌证,则减量给予滋养型肠内营养,或停用肠内营养
早期活动 返回ICU随即给予上半身抬高30°体位;患者意识恢复但尚未脱离呼吸机时,协助患者床上翻身活动,并给予握拳、举臂、踝泵、下肢蹬踩训练;患者脱离呼吸机后协助患者逐步加大运动幅度,包括床边站立、下床坐、搀扶行走 予ICU常规活动,主要包括每2 h翻身1次,胸部物理治疗,保持双下肢功能位2次/d四肢肢体按摩、活动等
镇痛 采用视觉模拟评分法,对患者静息与运动时疼痛强度评估,同时评估镇痛疗效;术后立即使用静脉镇痛泵,持续时间48 h;气管插管未拔除时可给予其他强阿片类镇痛药物,配合镇痛泵于术后2~5 d给予弱阿片类+非甾体抗炎药,后续给予非甾体抗炎药序贯镇痛 采用视觉模拟评分法,对静息与运动时疼痛强度评估,同时评估疗效;术后立即使用镇痛泵,持续时间48 h;气管插管未拔除时可给予其他强阿片类镇痛药物
表2 ERAS组与对照组肝移植患者一般资料比较
表3 ERAS组与对照组肝移植患者安全性指标比较(例)
表4 ERAS组和对照组肝移植患者有效性指标比较
表5 ERAS组和对照组肝移植患者经济学指标比较
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